![]() ![]() Vessel traffic monitoring systems can provide an unbiased and data-based solution as an alternative to traditional onboard observers or manned patrol activity ( Bartholomew et al., 2018). Many marine protected areas (MPAs) fail to meet thresholds for effective management due to staff and budget capacity ( Gill et al., 2017). Monitoring vessel activity can help local management institutions assess compliance with protected area and/or fisheries regulations ( Bergseth et al., 2015 Elahi et al., 2018 Elvidge et al., 2018 Longépé et al., 2018 Hsu et al., 2019 Kurekin et al., 2019). Vessel traffic monitoring systems are often used for maritime surveillance and traffic control in coastal areas (e.g., Wahab et al., 2016 Zhen et al., 2017) but can also be employed for environmental protection purposes. Radar-detected vessel traffic accounted for 33.9% of the total track distance observed, highlighting the need to include data from multiple vessel tracking systems to fully assess and manage vessel traffic in a densely populated urban estuary. Between weekdays and weekends, distance traveled varied for cargo ships, ferries, and sailing vessels, while speed varied for ferries, motorized recreational craft, and sailing vessels. Distance traveled varied across day and night for cargo ships, tugs, and ferries while speed varied between day and night only for ferries. We found that distance traveled and speed varied by season for tugs, motorized recreational and sailing vessels. Large shipping vessels often traveled at speeds greater than 10 kn when transiting the study area, and ferries traveled at speeds greater than 30 kn. Ferries and other commercial vessels (e.g., cargo and tanker ships and tug boats) traveled consistently in distinct paths while recreational traffic (e.g., motorized recreational craft and sailing vessels) was more dispersed. We found that ferries traveled the greatest distance of any vessel type. ![]() ![]() In doing so, we provide data that can inform collision risk to cetaceans who show an increased presence in the Bay and evaluation of the value in incorporating data from multiple sources when observing vessel traffic. We analyzed vessel presence and speed across space and time using vessel data from the Marine Monitor, a vessel tracking system that integrates data from the Automatic Identification System and a marine-radar sensor linked to a high-definition camera. One such location is in San Francisco Bay where a variety of vessel types transit a highly developed urban estuary. Vessel traffic management systems can be employed for environmental management where vessel activity may be of concern. 4Department of Physics & Astronomy, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States.3Department of Geography & Environment, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States.2Estuary & Ocean Science Center, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA, United States.1ProtectedSeas, Anthropocene Institute, Palo Alto, CA, United States.Davis 3, Brendan Tougher 1 and Virgil Zetterlind 1 Samantha Cope 1,2*, Ellen Hines 2,3*, Roger Bland 2,4, Jerry D. ![]()
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